The KLatin Handbook
Copyright © 2001-2004 George Wright
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
KLatin is a KDE application to help revise/teach Latin.
Table of Contents
List of Tables
KLatin is a program to help revise Latin. There are three “sections” in which different aspects of the language can be revised. These are the vocabulary, grammar and verb testing sections. In addition there is a set of revision notes that can be used for self-guided revision.
In the vocabulary section an XML file is loaded containing various words and their local language translations. KLatin asks you what each of these words translate into. The questions take place in a multiple-choice environment.
In the grammar and verb sections KLatin asks for a particular part of a noun or a verb, such as the “ablative singular”, or the “1st person indicative passive plural”, and is not multiple choice.
When you start KLatin, you are greeted by four options that you can choose from.
The first one, Vocabulary, is a multiple-choice vocabulary tester.
After you finish your test, a results screen is displayed.
The second, Grammar tests you on grammatical parts of nouns.
Verbs is almost the same as the Grammar section, except that it tests you on verb forms.
The fourth section, Revision, loads Konqueror into the KLatin revision notes section.
In addition to the options, you can also launch these sections via the menubar, in the .
The configuration dialog for KLatin can be accessed by choosing -> from the menu. In the Vocabulary page, you can set whether you want the test to take place from your language into Latin, or vice versa. You can also choose the default file which you want to use to test your vocabulary on, and you can also set how many questions you want to be tested on.
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The KLatin main window consists of four option buttons to choose which section to enter, and a menubar.
Choose from the Revision Sections list a section and click to start the chosen section.
When you are finished with that section, click to return to KLatin's main menu.
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Loads a new vocabulary file. This menu is only enabled if you are in the Vocabulary section
Loads the vocabulary section
Loads the grammar section
Loads the verbs section
Loads the revision section
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Configure the keyboard keys you use to access the different actions.
Display the KLatin settings dialogue
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Invokes the KDE Help system starting at the KLatin help pages. (this document).
Changes the mouse cursor to a combination arrow and question mark. Clicking on items within KLatin will open a help window (if one exists for the particular item) explaining the item's function.
Opens the Bug report dialogue where you can report a bug or request a “wishlist” feature.
This will display version and author information.
This displays the KDE version and other basic information.
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Only the vocabulary files have to be translated in your language. The vocabulary files use the KVTML format, which is the same as other programs such as KWordQuiz use. KWordQuiz is very useful as you can create the vocabulary files in that and load them directly into KLatin.
Below is explained how you can translate KLatin vocabulary files. At the moment, the files are only in English.
Get the latest KLatin code from CVS or a latest release. The words are stored in source_dir_of_kdeedu/klatin/klatin/data/vocab/en/ in files like A.kvtml for Latin words beginning with A, BC.kvtml for Latin words beginning with B and C and so on.
Create a new subdirectory in data/vocab/ named as your language code (for example, fr for French, ja for Japanese). Copy all the English vocabulary files there as well as the Makefile.am. Edit the Makefile.am and replace “en” with your language code.
In data/vocab/, edit all the files and translate the English words, i.e. those that are between the your_language_code<t> and </t> tags.
Commit your files to CVS HEAD or tar them and send them to George (gwright AT users.sourceforge.net) or to Anne-Marie (annma AT kde.org).
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The KLatin vocabulary database system is very easy to extend. Just look at the files and you'll understand! It uses the KVTML format, which is the same as other programs such as KWordQuiz use. So you can open KWordQuiz and use it to create the vocabulary files.
You can save your new files in the corresponding folder depending on what language they refer to in .kde/share/apps/klatin/data/vocab/. For example, English KVTML files are kept in a directory called language_code/en, German files in de, and so on. You can also send me your files so I can add them in the next KLatin release.
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KLatin
Program copyright 2001-2004 George Wright (gwright AT users.sourceforge.net)
Contributors:
Neil Stevens (neil AT qualityassistant.org)
Anne-Marie Mahfouf (annma AT kde.org)
Mark Westcott (mark AT houseoffish.org)
Documentation copyright 2001-2004 George Wright (gwright AT users.sourceforge.net)
Andrew Coles(andrew_coles AT yahoo.co.uk)
This documentation is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
This program is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
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Welcome to the KLatin notes section. This is aimed to help you in your revision and covers the English GCSE syllabus (England).
Here are the different sections you can get help for:
The Romans had a particular set of numerals and had names for each of their numbers. In this section are listed some numbers and their corresponding symbol.
Table 8.1. Numbers
| 1 | I | unus |
| 2 | II | duo |
| 3 | III | tres |
| 4 | IV | quattuor |
| 5 | V | quinque |
| 6 | VI | sex |
| 7 | VII | septem |
| 8 | VIII | octo |
| 9 | IX | novem |
| 10 | X | decem |
| 11 | XI | undecim |
| 12 | XII | duodecim |
| 13 | XIII | tredecim |
| 14 | XIV | quattuordecim |
| 15 | XV | quindecim |
| 16 | XVI | sedecim |
| 17 | XVII | septendecim |
| 18 | XVIII | duodeviginti |
| 19 | XIX | undeviginti |
| 20 | XX | viginti |
| 21 | XXI | vigintiunus |
| 22 | XXII | vigintiduo |
| 30 | XXX | triginta |
| 40 | XL | quadraginta |
| 50 | L | quinquaginta |
| 60 | LX | sexaginta |
| 70 | LXX | septuaginta |
| 80 | LXXX | octoginta |
| 90 | XC | nonaginta |
| 100 | C | centum |
| 200 | CC | ducenti |
| 300 | CCC | trecenti |
| 400 | CD | quadrigenti |
| 500 | D | quingenti |
| 600 | DC | sescenti |
| 700 | DCC | septigenti |
| 800 | DCCC | octigenti |
| 900 | CM | nongenti |
| 1000 | M | mille |
| 2000 | MM | duo milia |
All languages have verbs. Latin verbs are divided into four categories, called conjugations. These conjugations are divisions of verbs that, generally, use the same stem formation and have the same endings.
The stem of a verb is the basic part of the verb that does not change. For example, the stem of moneo is mone. To get the stem of the verb, take the first person singular of the verb, and take off the -o ending. The verb “sum” (I am) is totally irregular, and does not have a consistent stem.
Table 8.2. Verb listings - Indicative Active
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
| PRESENT | am-o | mone-o | reg-o | audi-o | sum |
| ama-s | mone-s | regi-s | audi-s | es | |
| I love, am loving | ama-t | mone-t | regi-t | audi-t | est |
| ama-mus | mone-mus | regi-mus | audi-mus | sumus | |
| ama-tis | mone-tis | regi-tis | audi-tis | estis | |
| ama-nt | mone-nt | regu-nt | audi-unt | sunt | |
| FUTURE | ama-bo | mone-bo | reg-am | audi-am | ero |
| ama-bis | mone-bis | reg-es | audi-es | eris | |
| I will love | ama-bit | mone-bit | reg-et | audi-et | erit |
| ama-bimus | mone-bimus | reg-emus | audi-emus | erimus | |
| ama-bitis | mone-bitis | reg-etis | audi-etis | eritis | |
| ama-bunt | mone-bunt | reg-ent | audi-ent | erunt | |
| IMPERFECT | ama-bam | mone-bam | rege-bam | audi-bam | eram |
| ama-bas | mone-bas | rege-bas | audi-bas | eras | |
| I was loving | ama-bat | mone-bat | rege-bat | audi-bat | erat |
| I used to love | ama-bamus | mone-bamus | rege-bamus | audi-bamus | eramus |
| I began to love | ama-batis | mone-batis | rege-batis | audi-batis | eratis |
| ama-bant | mone-bant | rege-bant | audi-bant | erant | |
| PERFECT | amav-i | monu-i | rex-i | audiv-i | fu-i |
| amav-isti | monu-isti | rex-isti | audiv-isti | fu-isti | |
| I have loved | amav-it | monu-it | rex-it | audiv-it | fu-it |
| amav-imus | monu-imus | rex-imus | audiv-imus | fu-imus | |
| amav-istis | monu-istis | rex-istis | audiv-istis | fu-istis | |
| amav-erunt | monu-erunt | rex-erunt | audiv-erunt | fu-erunt | |
| FUTURE PERFECT | amav-ero | monu-ero | rex-ero | audiv-ero | fu-ero |
| amav-eris | monu-eris | rex-eris | audiv-eris | fu-eris | |
| I will have loved | amav-erit | monu-erit | rex-erit | audiv-erit | fu-erit |
| amav-erimus | monu-erimus | rex-erimus | audiv-erimus | fu-erimus | |
| amav-eritis | monu-eritis | rex-eritis | audiv-eritis | fu-eritis | |
| amav-erint | monu-erint | rex-erint | audiv-erint | fu-erint | |
| PLUPERFECT | amav-eram | monu-eram | rex-eram | audiv-eram | fu-eram |
| amav-eras | monu-eras | rex-eras | audiv-eras | fu-eras | |
| I had loved | amav-erat | monu-erat | rex-erat | audiv-erat | fu-erat |
| amav-eramus | monu-eramus | rex-eramus | audiv-eramus | fu-eramus | |
| amav-eratis | monu-eratis | rex-eratis | audiv-eratis | fu-eratis | |
| amav-erant | monu-erant | rex-erant | audiv-erant | fu-erant |
Table 8.3. Verb listings - Subjunctive Active
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
| PRESENT | ame-m | monea-m | rega-m | audi-o | sim |
| ame-s | monea-s | rega-s | audi-s | sis | |
| ame-t | monea-t | rega-t | audi-t | sit | |
| ame-mus | monea-mus | rega-mus | audi-mus | simus | |
| ame-tis | monea-tis | rega-tis | audi-tis | sitis | |
| ame-nt | monea-nt | rega-nt | audi-unt | sint | |
| IMPERFECT | ama-rem | mone-rem | rege-rem | audi-rem | essem |
| ama-res | mone-res | rege-res | audi-res | esset | |
| ama-ret | mone-ret | rege-ret | audi-ret | esset | |
| ama-remus | mone-remus | rege-remus | audi-remus | essemus | |
| ama-retis | mone-retis | rege-retis | audi-retis | essetis | |
| ama-rent | mone-rent | rege-rent | audi-rent | essent | |
| PERFECT | amav-erim | monu-erim | rex-erim | audiv-erim | fu-erim |
| amav-eris | monu-eris | rex-eris | audiv-eris | fu-eris | |
| amav-erit | monu-erit | rex-erit | audiv-erit | fu-erit | |
| amav-erimus | monu-erimus | rex-erimus | audiv-erimus | fu-erimus | |
| amav-eritis | monu-eritis | rex-eritis | audiv-eritis | fu-eritis | |
| amav-erint | monu-erint | rex-erint | audiv-erint | fu-erint | |
| PLUPERFECT | amav-issem | monu-issem | rex-issem | audiv-issem | fu-issem |
| amav-isses | monu-isses | rex-isses | audiv-isses | fu-isses | |
| amav-isset | monu-isset | rex-isset | audiv-isset | fu-isset | |
| amav-issemus | monu-issemus | rex-issemus | audiv-issemus | fu-issemus | |
| amav-issetis | monu-issetis | rex-issetis | audiv-issetis | fu-issetis | |
| amav-issent | monu-issent | rex-issent | audiv-issent | fu-issent |
Table 8.4. Verb listings - Imperative Active
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
| PRESENT | am-a | mon-e | reg-e | aud-i | es |
| am-ate | mon-ete | reg-ite | aud-ite | este | |
| FUTURE | am-ato | mon-eto | reg-ito | aud-ito | esto |
| am-ato | mon-eto | reg-ito | aud-ito | esto | |
| am-atote | mon-etote | reg-itote | aud-itote | estote | |
| am-anto | mon-ento | reg-unto | aud-iunto | sunto |
Table 8.5. Verb listings - Gerund Active
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
| Accusative | (ad) am-andum | (ad) mon-endum | (ad) reg-endum | (ad) aud-iendum |
| Genitive | am-andi | mon-endi | reg-endi | aud-iendi |
| Dative | am-ando | mon-endo | reg-endo | aud-iendo |
| Ablative | am-ando | mon-endo | reg-endo | aud-iendo |
Table 8.6. Verb listings - Infinitive Active
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
| PRESENT | am-are | mon-ere | reg-ere | aud-ire | esse |
| PERFECT | amav-isse | monu-isse | rex-isse | audiv-isse | fu-isse |
Table 8.7. Verb listings - Participle Active
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
| PRESENT | am-ans,-antis | mon-ens,-entis | reg-ens,-entis | aud-iens,-ientis | |
| FUTURE | amat-urus,-a,-um | monit-urus,-a,-um | rect-urus,-a,-um | audit-urus,-a,-um | futurus,-a,-um |
Table 8.8. Verb listings - Indicative Passive
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
| PRESENT | am-or | mone-or | reg-or | audi-or | |
| ama-ris | mone-ris | reg-eris | audi-eris | ||
| I am loved | ama-tur | mone-tur | regi-tur | audi-tur | |
| ama-mur | mone-mur | regi-mur | audi-mur | ||
| ama-mini | mone-mini | regi-mini | audi-mini | ||
| ama-ntur | mone-ntur | regu-ntur | audiu-unt | ||
| FUTURE | ama-bor | mone-bor | reg-ar | audi-ar | |
| ama-beris | mone-beris | reg-eris | audi-eris | ||
| I will be loved | ama-bitur | mone-bitur | reg-etur | audi-etur | |
| ama-bimur | mone-bimur | reg-emur | audi-emur | ||
| ama-bimini | mone-bimini | reg-emini | audi-emini | ||
| ama-buntur | mone-buntur | reg-entur | audi-entur | ||
| IMPERFECT | ama-bar | mone-bar | rege-bar | audie-bar | |
| ama-baris | mone-baris | rege-baris | audie-baris | ||
| I was loved | ama-batur | mone-batur | rege-batur | audie-batur | |
| ama-bamur | mone-bamur | rege-bamur | audie-bamur | ||
| ama-bamini | mone-bamini | rege-bamini | audie-bamini | ||
| ama-bantur | mone-bantur | rege-bantur | audie-bantur | ||
| PERFECT | amatus sum | monitus sum | rectus sum | auditus sum | |
| amatus es | monitus es | rectus es | auditus es | ||
| I have been loved | amatus est | monitus est | rectus est | auditus est | |
| amati sumus | moniti sumus | recti sumus | auditi sumus | ||
| amati estis | moniti estis | recti estis | auditi estis | ||
| amati sunt | moniti sunt | recti sunt | auditi sunt | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT | amatus ero | monitus ero | rectus ero | auditus ero | |
| amatus eris | monitus eris | rectus eris | auditus eris | ||
| I will have been loved | amatus erit | monitus erit | rectus erit | auditus erit | |
| amati erimus | moniti erimus | recti erimus | auditi erimus | ||
| amati eritis | moniti eritis | recti eritis | auditi eritis | ||
| amati erunt | moniti erunt | recti erunt | auditi erunt | ||
| PLUPERFECT | amatus eram | monitus eram | rectus eram | auditus eram | |
| amatus eras | monitus eras | rectus eras | auditus eras | ||
| I had been loved | amatus erat | monitus erat | rectus erat | auditus erat | |
| amati eramus | moniti eramus | recti eramus | auditi eramus | ||
| amati eratis | moniti eratis | recti eratis | auditi eratis | ||
| amati erant | moniti erant | recti erant | auditi erant |
Table 8.9. Verb listings - Gerundive Passive
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
| am-andus,-a,-um | mon-endus,-a,-um | reg-endus,-a,-um | aud-iendus,-a,-um |
Table 8.10. Verb listings - Infinitive Passive
| TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
| PRESENT | am-ari | mon-eri | reg-i | aud-iri |
| PERFECT | amat-um,-am,-um esse | monit-um,-am,-um esse | rect-um,-am,-um esse | audit-um,-am,-um esse |
| amat-os,-as,-a esse | monit-os,-as,-a esse | rect-os,-as,-a esse | audit-os,-as,-a esse | |
| FUTURE | amat-um iri | monit-um iri | rect-um iri | audit-um iri |
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Nouns, like verbs, are divided into groups, called declensions. There are five declensions and three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.
The stem of a noun is the basic part of the noun that does not change. To get the stem of a noun, take the genitive singular of the noun and take off its ending. For example: the stem of puella is puell; while the stem of rex is reg, because its genitive is reg-is.
Table 8.11. Noun listings
| SINGULAR | 1st Feminine | 2nd Masculine | 2nd Neuter | 3rd Masc/Fem | 3rd Neuter | 4th Masculine | 4th Neuter | 5th Feminine |
| Nominative | puell-a | serv-us | bell-um | rex | opus | grad-us | genu | res |
| Vocative | puell-a | serv-e | bell-um | rex | opus | grad-us | genu | res |
| Accusative | puell-am | serv-um | bell-um | reg-em | opus | grad-um | genu | re-m |
| Genitive | puell-ae | serv-i | bell-i | reg-is | oper-is | grad-us | gen-u | re-i |
| Dative | puell-ae | serv-o | bell-o | reg-i | oper-i | grad-ui | gen-u | re-i |
| Ablative | puell-a | serv-o | bell-o | reg-e | oper-e | grad-u | gen-u | re |
| PLURAL | ||||||||
| Nominative | puell-ae | serv-i | bell-a | reg-es | oper-a | grad-us | gen-ua | res |
| Vocative | puell-ae | serv-i | bell-a | reg-es | oper-a | grad-us | gen-ua | res |
| Accusative | puell-as | serv-os | bell-a | reg-es | oper-a | grad-us | gen-ua | res |
| Genitive | puell-arum | serv-orum | bell-orum | reg-um | oper-um | grad-uum | gen-uum | re-rum |
| Dative | puell-is | serv-is | bell-is | reg-ibus | oper-ibus | grad-ibus | gen-ibus | re-bus |
| Ablative | puell-is | serv-is | bell-is | reg-ibus | oper-ibus | grad-ibus | gen-ibus | re-bus |
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Adjectives are words to describe nouns, and so they agree with the nouns. Agreeing means that they match the noun they refer to in three ways: gender, number and case.
Table 8.12. 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives (212)
| SINGULAR | Like Servus | Like Puella | Like Bellum |
| Nominative | bon-us | bon-a | bon-um |
| Vocative | bon-e | bon-a | bon-um |
| Accusative | bon-um | bon-am | bon-um |
| Genitive | bon-i | bon-ae | bon-i |
| Dative | bon-o | bon-ae | bon-o |
| Ablative | bon-o | bon-a | bon-o |
| PLURAL | |||
| Nominative | bon-i | bon-ae | bon-a |
| Vocative | bon-i | bon-ae | bon-a |
| Accusative | bon-os | bon-as | bon-a |
| Genitive | bon-orum | bon-arum | bon-orum |
| Dative | bon-is | bon-is | bon-is |
| Ablative | bon-is | bon-is | bon-is |
Table 8.13. 3rd Declension Adjectives (333)
| SINGULAR | Like Rex | Like Rex | Like Opus |
| Nominative | trist-is | trist-is | trist-e |
| Vocative | trist-is | trist-is | trist-e |
| Accusative | trist-em | trist-em | trist-e |
| Genitive | trist-i | trist-i | trist-is |
| Dative | trist-is | trist-is | trist-i |
| Ablative | trist-i | trist-i | trist-i |
| PLURAL | |||
| Nominative | trist-es | trist-es | trist-ia |
| Vocative | trist-es | trist-es | trist-ia |
| Accusative | trist-es | trist-es | trist-ia |
| Genitive | trist-ium | trist-ium | trist-ium |
| Dative | trist-ibus | trist-ibus | trist-ibus |
| Ablative | trist-ibus | trist-ibus | trist-ibus |
Table 8.14. Comparison of Adjectives
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | Notes |
| Normal form of Adjective | Stem + ior,-ius | Stem + issimus,-a,-um | |
| Stem + rimus,-a,-um | For adjectives which end with -er. For example: acer-rimus,-a,-um | ||
| Stem + limus,-a,-um | For adjectives which end with -ilis. For example: facil-limus,-a,-um | ||
| Per/Prae + Adjective |
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Here are some pronouns.
Table 8.15. Personal Pronouns
| Me | You |
| ego | tu |
| me | te |
| mei | tui |
| mihi | tibi |
| me | te |
| We | You (Pl) |
| nos | vos |
| nos | vos |
| nostri/nostrum | vestri/vestrum |
| nobis | vobis |
| nobis | vobis |
Table 8.16. 3rd Person Personal Pronouns
| He, | She, | It | |
| SINGULAR | is | ea | id |
| eum | eum | id | |
| eius | eius | eius | |
| ei | ei | ei | |
| eo | ea | eo | |
| PLURAL | ei | eae | ea |
| eos | eas | ea | |
| eorum | earum | eorum | |
| eis | eis | eis | |
| eis | eis | eis |
Table 8.17. Demonstrative Pronouns
| This | |||
| SINGULAR | hic | haec | hoc |
| hunc | hanc | hoc | |
| huius | huius | huius | |
| huic | huic | huic | |
| hoc | hac | hoc | |
| PLURAL | hi | hae | haec |
| hos | has | heac | |
| horum | harum | horum | |
| his | his | his | |
| his | his | his | |
| That | |||
| SINGULAR | ille | illa | illud |
| illum | illam | illud | |
| illius | illius | illius | |
| illi | illi | illi | |
| illo | illa | illo | |
| PLURAL | illi | illae | illa |
| illos | illas | illa | |
| illorum | illarum | illorum | |
| illis | illis | illis | |
| illis | illis | illis |
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Table of Contents
KLatin is part of the KDE project http://www.kde.org/.
KLatin can be found in the kdeedu package on ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/, the main FTP site of the KDE project.
In order to compile and install KLatin on your system, type the following in the base directory of the KLatin distribution:
%./configure%make%make install
Since KLatin uses autoconf and automake you should have no trouble compiling it. Should you run into problems please report them to the KDE mailing lists.
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