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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META HTTP-ETQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="Jim's Markup Program - V0.99">
<TITLE>EDICT Documentation</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="white">
<!-- DO NOT EDIT!!
This HTML document was generated by the "markup" program.
Edit the original file instead. -->
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER> E D I C T </H1>
<P>
</P>
<H2 ALIGN=CENTER> JAPANESE/ENGLISH DICTIONARY FILE</H2>
<BASEFONT SIZE="3">
<P>
<I>Copyright (C) 2003 The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group,</I>
<I>Monash University.</I>
</P>
<P>
Contents:
</P>
<UL>
<li><a href="#IREF00">INTRODUCTION</a>
<li><a href="#IREF01">CURRENT VERSION </a>
<li><a href="#IREF02">FORMAT</a>
<li><a href="#IREF03">EDICT HISTORY</a>
<li><a href="#IREF04">COPYRIGHT ISSUES</a>
<li><a href="#IREF05">LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS</a>
<li><a href="#IREF06">NEW JMDICT PROJECT</a>
<li><a href="#IREF07">USAGE</a>
<li><a href="#IREF08">CONTRIBUTIONS</a>
<li><a href="#IREF09">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a>
<li><a href="#IREF10">APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT</a>
<li><a href="#IREF11">APPENDIX B. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639</a>
</UL>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF00">INTRODUCTION</a></b>
</P>
<P>
The EDICT file results from a long-running project to produce a freely 
available Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form. 
</P>
<P>
The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the 
Licence Statement, which can found at the WWW site of the 
 <a HREF="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/groups/edrdg/">Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group </a>
who are the owners of the copyright.
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF01">CURRENT VERSION </a></b>
</P>
<P>
The version date and sequence number is included in the dictionary itself 
under the entry "EDICT". (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code "????". 
This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.) 
</P>
<P>
The master copy of EDICT is in the pub/nihongo directory of 
<TT> ftp.cc.monash.edu.au. </TT>
There are other copies around, but they may not be 
as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the latest is 
from the size/date. 
</P>
<P>
As of V96-001, the EDICT file no longer contains proper names. These have
been moved to a separate file called "ENAMDICT".
From V99-002, the EDICT file has been generated from an extended dictionary 
database which includes additional fields and information. See the later
section on the new JMdict project for details of this.
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF02">FORMAT</a></b>
</P>
<P>
EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by the early
PC Japanese word-processor MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor). 
It uses EUC-JP coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to 
JIS (ISO-2022-JP) or Shift-JIS 
by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with one 
entry per line. The format of entries is: 
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
KANJI [KANA] /English_1/English_2/.../
</PRE>
<P>
or
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
KANA /English_1/.../
</PRE>
<P>
(NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters, including
spaces, must be ASCII.)
</P>
<P>
The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application of the 
dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc. 
</P>
<P>
The EDICT file is not intended to have its entries in any particular order.
In fact it almost always is in order as a by-product of the update method I
use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is almost always JIS
+ alphabetical, starting with the head-word.)
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF03">EDICT HISTORY</a></b>
</P>
<P>
EDICT has developed as follows:
</P>
<OL type="a">
<LI>
it began with the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by MOKE's 
author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark 
kindly released this material to the EDICT project. A number of corrections 
were made to the MOKE original, e.g. spelling mistakes, minor 
mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have been 
removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has also 
kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG (Kanji 
Guess) to be added to EDICT. 
</LI>
<LI>
additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry dictionary 
used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of Technology 
years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then worked 
through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were not 
omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also. This 
task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run out 
of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number of 
additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using JREADER 
and XJDIC. (As of November 2001 I am still adding entries.)
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>
additions by others. Many people have contributed entries and 
corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of material, 
provided it is genuinely available for use in the Project. I am 
grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful material, 
plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great help 
with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure kanji 
compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful entries. 
A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had put 
together a large online dictionary. Another batch came from the 
Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein keyed 
(with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold Rowe 
was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita, then
at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the entire
file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has also
been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have been
keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein Japanese-English
translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new entries,
and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.
</LI>
</OL>
A reasonably full list of contributors is at the back of this file,
although I am sure to have missed a few. 
<P>
At this stage EDICT has many more entries than many good commercial dictionaries, 
which typically have 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It is 
certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when used 
in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or XJDIC it 
provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service. 
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF04">COPYRIGHT ISSUES</a></b>
</P>
<P>
Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the first 
lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a copyright 
violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is usual to 
consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information", as 
Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissible. What makes 
each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is the particular selection of 
words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a very 
important point in the case of EDICT), and the means of publication. Of 
course, the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry are 
coming from public sources, and the structure and tqlayout of the entries 
themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary, adds a degree 
of protection to EDICT. 
</P>
<P>
The advice I have received from people who know about these things is that 
EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market. Readers 
may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from the XYZ 
Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there aren't 
too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear, despite
considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of 
this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I have a 
case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it. 
</P>
<P>
Please do not contribute entries to EDICT which have come directly from 
copyrightable sources. It is hard to check these, and you may be 
jeopardizing EDICT's status. 
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF05">LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS</a></b>
</P>
<P>
<B>Introduction</B>
</P>
<P>
EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary, although the words within 
it can be selected in either language using appropriate software. (JDIC uses 
it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.) 
</P>
<P>
The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE scans 
it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in RAM.) 
This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and inclusion of 
phrases was very limited. JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much larger 
dictionary, but the compact format has continued. 
</P>
<P>
No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in idiomatic 
expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries. Adverbs 
formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs are, of 
course, in the plain or "dictionary" form. 
</P>
<P>
<B>Priority Entries</B>
</P>
<P>
Starting with the 2001 editions, approximately 20,000 entries comprising the most commonly-used words in Japanese are marked
with a "(P)" at the end of the entry. This list has been identified by 
examining several small 
dictionaries, and lists of common gairaigo from Japanese newspapers.
</P>
<P>
<B>Parts of Speech</B>
</P>
<P>
In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with JDIC, 
I had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival nouns 
[keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used adjectivally 
with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g. benkyousuru). 
If I put entries in EDICT with the "na" and "suru" included, MOKE would not 
find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected. What I 
decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and add 
"(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)" for common 
"no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appeared as: 
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/ 
KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/ 
</PRE>
<P>
In early 2001, as part of the JMdict project (see below), I completely revised
this system, instead introducing a comprehensive system of Part of Speech
(POS) tags. In the EDICT version of the file these tags usually appear in 
tqparentheses
at the start of the entry, separated into general tags and POS tags. Where
a tag applies to a single gloss or meaning, it will be included there instead.
</P>
<P>
The (hopefully) full list of such markers is:
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
abbr 	   abbreviation
adj 	   adjective (keiyoushi)
adv 	   adverb (fukushi)
adv-n 	   adverbial noun
adj-na    adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
adj-no    nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
adj-pn	   pre-noun adjectival (rentaishi)
adj-s	   special adjective (e.g. ookii)
adj-t	   "taru" adjective
arch 	   archaism
ateji     ateji reading of the kanji
aux 	   auxiliary word or phrase
aux-v 	   auxiliary verb
conj	   conjunction
col 	   colloquialism 
exp	   Expressions (phrases, clauses, etc.)
ek	   exclusively kanji, rarely just in kana
fam 	   familiar language 
fem 	   female term or language
gikun 	   gikun (meaning) reading
gram 	   grammatical term
hon 	   honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language 
hum 	   humble (kenjougo) language 
id 	   idiomatic expression 
int	   interjection (kandoushi)
iK 	   word containing irregular kanji usage
ik 	   word containing irregular kana usage
io 	   irregular okurigana usage
MA 	   martial arts term
male 	   male term or language
m-sl 	   manga slang
n	   noun (common) (futsuumeishi)
n-adv	   adverbial noun (fukushitekimeishi)
n-t	   noun (temporal) (jisoumeishi)
n-suf     noun, used as a suffix
n-pref    noun, used as a prefix
neg 	   negative (in a negative sentence, or with negative verb)
neg-v 	   negative verb (when used with)
num       number, numeric
obs 	   obsolete term
obsc 	   obscure term
oK 	   word containing out-dated kanji 
ok 	   out-dated or obsolete kana usage
pol 	   polite (teineigo) language 
pref 	   prefix 
prt       particle
qv 	   quod vide (see another entry)
sl 	   slang
suf 	   suffix 
uK 	   word usually written using kanji alone 
uk 	   word usually written using kana alone 
v1	   Ichidan verb
v5	   Godan verb (not completely classified)
v5u	   Godan verb with `u' ending
v5u-s	   Godan verb with `u' ending - special class
v5k	   Godan verb with `ku' ending
v5g	   Godan verb with `gu' ending
v5s	   Godan verb with `su' ending
v5t	   Godan verb with `tsu' ending
v5n	   Godan verb with `nu' ending
v5b	   Godan verb with `bu' ending
v5m	   Godan verb with `mu' ending
v5r	   Godan verb with `ru' ending
v5k-s	   Godan verb - Iku/Yuku special class
v5z	   Godan verb - -zuru special class (alternative form of -jiru verbs)
v5aru	   Godan verb - -aru special class
v5uru	   Godan verb - Uru old class verb (old form of Eru)
vi 	   intransitive verb 
vs 	   noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
vs-i	   suru verb - irregular
vs-s	   suru verb - special class
vk	   Kuru verb - special class
vt 	   transitive verb
vulg 	   vulgar expression or word 
X	   rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)
</PRE>
<P>
<B>Multiple Senses</B>
</P>
<P>
From the 2001 editions of EDICT, the differing senses associated with 
the Japanese head-words are being progessively marked. The marking takes the 
form of a "(1)", "(2)", etc. in front of the senses.
</P>
<P>
<B>Spellings</B>
</P>
<P>
I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English translation 
and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included for 
national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British) standard 
spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries in 
the national spelling of the submitter. 
</P>
<P>
At some stage in the future I intend to regularize the English spellings in such
a way that allows searches on either British or American spellings 
to be successful.
</P>
<P>
<B>Gairaigo and Regional Words</B>
</P>
<P>
For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, I have attempted
to indicate the source language and the word in that language. Languages have
been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fr: avec)". See 
Appendix C for more on this. (Thanks to Holger Gruber for suggesting this 
language coding.)
</P>
<P>
In addition to the language codes described in Appendix C, a number of tags 
are used to indicate that a word or phrase is associated with a particular 
regional language variant within Japan. The tags are:
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
kyb	Kyoto-ben
osb	Osaka-ben
ksb	Kansai-ben
ktb	Kantou-ben
tsb	Tosa-ben
</PRE>
<P>
In the case of gairaigo which have a meaning which is not aptqparent from the
original (English) words, the literal transcription is included, with
the tag (lit).
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF06">NEW JMDICT PROJECT</a></b>
</P>
<P>
Early in 1999 work began on the JMdict project, which aims to extend the
structure and content of the EDICT file to enable it to contain
additional information and provided an improved service to users.
</P>
<P>
The project has several broad goals:
</P>
<OL type="a">
<LI>to convert the EDICT file to a new dictionary structure which overcomes 
the deficiencies in the current structure. With regard to this goal, the
particular structural and content aspects to be addressed include, but 
are not limited to:
<OL type="i">
<LI>the handling of orthographical variation (e.g. in kanji
usage, okurigana usage, readings) within the single entry;
</LI>
<LI>additional and more appropriately associated tagging of
grammatical and other information;
</LI>
<LI>provision for separation of different senses (polysemy) in
the translations;
</LI>
<LI>provision for the inclusion of translational equivalents
from several languages;
</LI>
<LI>provision for inclusion of examples of the usage of words;
</LI>
<LI>provision for cross-references to related entries.
</LI>
</OL>
</LI>
<LI>to publish the dictionary in a standard format which is accessible
by a wide range of software tools; [It is proposed that this goal be
addressed by developing the structure so that it can be released as
an XML document, with an associated XML DTD.
</LI>
<LI>to retain backward compatibility with the original EDICT structure in 
order to enable legacy software systems to use later versions of the
EDICT files.
</LI>
</OL>
For more information on the JMdict project, please see the documentation
files.
<P>
By May 1999 the EDICT file had been converted into the new format. A major
part of this consisted of identifying and combining entries which were 
effectively variants of each other.
</P>
<P>
Since V99-002, the EDICT file has been generated from the new format.
This has meant:
</P>
<OL type="a">
<LI>a marginal increase in the number of entries, as there is an increased
number of variants;
</LI>
<LI>the English fields of the variant entries are now exactly the same,
as they have generated from the single expanded entry;
</LI>
<LI>the tags such as (vs), (an), etc. now appear before the first word
of the English fields.
</LI>
</OL>
<b><a name="IREF07">USAGE</a></b>
<P>
EDICT can be freely used provided satisfactory acknowledgement is made, 
and a number of other conditions are met.
Consult the Licence Statement information at Appendix A. 
</P>
<P>
It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright software 
such as JDIC, JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the 
dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with 
version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word 
Processor packages. 
</P>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF08">CONTRIBUTIONS</a></b>
</P>
<P>
I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and ESPECIALLY 
additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you have the 
latest version, as others may have already made the same comments. 
</P>
<P>
The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file (uuencoded 
for safety) containing replacement/new entries. This can be emailed to me at
the address at the end of this file.
</P>
<P>
Feel free to use the following format:
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/

NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/

old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/

DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/
</PRE>
<P>
Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you send.
</P>
<P>
I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file as the master EDICT is under 
continuous revision, and may have had quite a few changes since you got your 
copy. 
</P>
<P>
Users intending to make submissions to EDICT should follow the following 
simple rules: 
</P>
<UL>
<LI>all verbs in plain form. The English must begin with "to ....". Add the
verb type in some prominent place.
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>add (adj-na) or (adj-no) or (vs) as appropriate to nouns. Do not put the "na" or 
"no" particles on the Japanese, or the "suru" auxiliary verb. For entries 
which have (vs), do not enter them as verb infinitives (e.g. "to cook"), 
instead enter them as gerunds/participles/whatever (e.g. cooking (vs)). 
 <P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>indicate prefixes and suffixes by "(pref)" and "(suf)" in the first English 
entry, not by using "-" in the kanji or kana. 
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>do not add definite or indefinite articles (e.g. "a", "an", "the", etc) to 
English nouns unless they are necessary to distinguish the word from 
another usage type or homonym. 
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>do not guess the kanji or the reading. If you don't know them, don't 
send it to me. I will check all incoming suggestions, and I get grumpy
when I find sloppy errors. One of the most persistent problems in editing
EDICT is finding and eliminating incorrect kanji and kana.
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>do not use the "/", "[" or "]" characters except in their separating roles. 
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>if you are using a reference in romaji form, make sure you have the correct 
kana for "too/tou" and "zu", where the Hepburn romaji is often ambiguous. 
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>do not use kana or kanji in the "English" fields. Where it is necessary to 
use a Japanese word, e.g. kanto, use Hepburn romaji. 
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>make sure your kana is correct. A persistent problem is the submission of
words like "honyaku" as ho+nya+ku instead of the correct ho+n+ya+ku.
<P>
</P>
</LI>
<LI>do not include words formed by common Japanese suffixes, such as "-teki",
unless they cannot be deduced from the root.
</LI>
</UL>
<P>
<b><a name="IREF09">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a></b>
</P>
<P>
The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part in
the development of EDICT. (I stopped adding to this list some years ago, so
it is of historical interest now.)
</P>
<P>
Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida, Theresa 
Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford Olling, 
David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith, Mike 
Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto, John 
Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent, Curtis 
Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato Shimojima, 
Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeffrey Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga, Kurt 
Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton, Simon 
Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi, Susumu Miki, Yushi Kaneda, Masahiko 
Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu Yagasaki, 
Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa Tsuji, 
Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe, Shi-Wen 
Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru Terada, 
Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke, Iain 
Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce, Jim 
Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki Ozaki, 
Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi, Takashi Hattori, 
Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru Sato, 
Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed Hall, 
Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben Bullock, 
Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek,
Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce Bailey,
Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith, Barry 
Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro
Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru Miyazaki,
Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry Tyrrell, 
Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer, David Jones, Holger Gruber, David Wilson,
John De Hoog, Stephen Davis, Dan Crevier, Ron Granich, Bruce Raup, Scott
Childress, Richard Warmington, Jean-Jacques Labarthe, Matt Bloedel, Szabolcs 
Varga, Alan Bram, Hidetaka Koie, David Villareale, Hirokazu Ohata, Toshiki 
Sasabe, William Maton, Tom Salmon, Kian Yap, Paul Denisowski, Glen Pankow,
Richard Northcott, Roger Meunier, Petteri Kettunen, Jeff Korpa, Kanji
Haitani, Liam O'Brien, Serdar Yegulalp, Jonathan Way, Gururaj Rao, Yoichiro 
Niitsu, Ralph Seewald, Andreas Jordell, Chua Hian Koon, Hartmut Pilch,
Shouichi Takeuchi, Ayumu Yasutomi, Mike Wright, James Rose, Nich Hill.
</P>
<P>
Jim Breen
<BR>
j<!-- blah -->wb@cs<!-- blah2 -->se.mon<!-- blah3 -->ash.edu.au
<BR>
School of Computer Science &amp; Software Engineering
<BR>
Monash University
<BR>
Clayton 3168
<BR>
AUSTRALIA 
<hr>
<b><a name="IREF10">APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT</a></b>
</P>
<P>
In March 2000, James William Breen assigned ownership of the copyright
of the dictionary files assembled, coordinated and edited by him to the 
The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group at Monash 
University.
</P>
<P>
EDICT can be freely used provided satisfactory acknowledgement is made, 
and a number of other conditions are met.
Information about the licence and copyright for EDICT can be found on
the Group's WWW page at: http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/groups/edrdg/
</P>
<P>
In summary, EDICT can be freely used with acknowledgement.
</P>
<P>
<hr>
<b><a name="IREF11">APPENDIX B. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639</a></b>
</P>
<P>
The following language codes have been used with non-English derived
gairaigo. They have been derived from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard.
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
ar 	Arabic
zh 	Chinese (Zhongwen)
de 	German (Deutsch)
en 	English
fr 	French
el 	Greek (Ellinika)
iw 	Hebrew (Iwrith)
ja 	Japanese
ko 	Korean
nl 	Dutch (Nederlands)
no 	Norwegian
pl 	Polish
ru 	Russian
sv 	Swedish
bo 	Tibetan (Bodskad)
eo 	Esperanto
es 	Spanish
in 	Indonesian
it 	Italian
lt 	Latin
pt 	Portugese
hi 	Hindi
ur 	Urdu
mn 	Mongolian
kl 	Inuit (formerly Eskimo)
</PRE>
<P>
And I have added the following, which are not in the Standard:
</P>
<P>
</P>
<PRE>
ai 	Ainu
</PRE>
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